# Seminars 2009-2010 and Previous Seminars

Note that if the talk's pdf or ppt is available after the talk, you can get it by clicking on the talk title.

Physics/Astronomy C290C Cosmology Seminar
The Physics/Astronomy C290C series consists of the LBNL-Physics-Astronomy Cosmology seminars held Tuesdays 1:10-2:00 pm in room 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131). Feel free bring your lunch.
Speaker/Visitor Info is here.

 Note that there are also other talks which generally might be of interest, including Cosmology Workshops and: Theoretical Astrophysics Center Seminars (Mondays, 12:10 pm, 544 Campbell) CADiE Campus-Astro Discussion Extravaganza, 4:30 pm, seminar room in interaction space of CTP, LeConte Hall 4th floor. Physics Dept. Colloquia (Mondays, 4:30 pm, 1 LeConte) RAL seminars (usually Mondays 3:10 pm, 544 Campbell) Tuesday astro-ph coffee (11:15 am, 6th floor lounge, Campbell) Tuesday and Thursday RPM's at LBNL (4 pm, 50A-5132) Wednesday astronomy theory lunch (12:10, 544 Campbell) INPA CANDi at LBL: Cosmology, Astrophysics, Neutrino Discussion (Wednesdays 3:30 pm) Astronomy Colloquium (4 pm Thursdays, room varies) INPA and Astronomy journal clubs (both Friday at noon, at LBNL and on campus respectively). Friday astro-ph coffee (11:15 am, 6th floor lounge Campbell) This week in particle theory talks on campus and at LBL

June 2010
June 3, Thursday 4:00 pm (RPM)
Marc Postman, STSci
LBL 50A-5132
"Through a Lens, Darkly: An Innovative Hubble Survey to Study the Dark Universe"
The Universe has proven to be far more intriguing in its composition than we knew it to be even just 15 years ago. It is a âarkâUniverse where 25% of its mass-energy density is made up of weakly interacting (and, as yet, undetected) non-baryonic particles (a.k.a. dark matter) and 70% is as yet unknown physics (a.k.a. dark energy) that is driving an accelerated expansion. To shed new light on these mysteries, we have been awarded time to conduct a multi-year program with the Hubble Space Telescope that will couple the gravitational lensing power of 25 massive intermediate redshift galaxy clusters with HSTâ newly enhanced panchromatic imaging capabilities (WFC3 and a restored ACS) to test structure formation models with unprecedented precision. The HST observations, when combined with existing wide-field imaging, will represent a giant advance in the quality and quantity of strong lensing data, enabling us to measure the dark matter (DM) mass profile shapes and mass concentrations from hundreds of multiply imaged sources, providing precise (~10%) observational challenges to scenarios for the DM mass distribution. The strongly lensing clusters in our sample give us a tenfold advantage over field surveys in identifying galaxies with z >7 for which spectra can be obtained with large ground-based telescopes. In parallel with this lensing survey, we will use both ACS and WFC3/IR to detect type-Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the space-unique redshift range 1 < z < 2. Because the SNe Ia will be detected when these cameras are in parallel, they will be far from the cluster core where the effects of lensing are small (and correctable), making the SNe usable for improving the limits on the redshift variation of the dark energy equation of state. I will present the science that will be addressed with our survey and the observational strategies we will use to obtain our results.
June 10, Thursday 4:00 pm (RPM)
Doug Finkbeiner, Harvard
LBL 50A-5132
"Giant Gamma-ray Bubbles in the Milky Way"
I will discuss our recent posting on the "Fermi Bubbles" http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.5480 and suggest that these are the same structures we have have called the "Fermi haze" and "WMAP haze" in the past. These bubbles are likely caused by a huge energy injection in the Galactic center, e.g. a BH accretion event or a nuclear starburst. I will argue that these structures have nothing to do with a Galactic WIMP annihilation signal, and will significantly complicate any effort to find such a signal in the inner Galaxy.
June 24, Thursday 4:00 pm (RPM)
Ned Wright, UCLA
LBL 50A-5132
"The WISE View of the Universe"
The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is a NASA Medium Explorer (MIDEX) currently surveying the entire sky in 4 mid-infrared bands at 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 microns with vastly greater sensitivity than previous all-sky surveys at these wavelengths. WISE observes everything that is further from the Sun than the Earth, and this includes minor planets, comets, nearby brown dwarfs and star forming regions both in the Milky Way and in distant galaxies. The WISE long wavelength channels are very powerful for detecting Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies, and WISE should detect the most luminous galaxies in the Universe. The WISE short wavelength channels are very powerful for detecting old cold brown dwarfs, and WISE should detect the nearest brown dwarfs to the Sun. WISE will also measure the radiometric diameters of about 200,000 asteroids. WISE has a 40 cm cryogenic telescope, 1024x1024 arrays, a scan mirror to freeze images on the arrays while the spacecraft scans continuously, and takes 47'x47' images every 11 seconds in all four bands from an IRAS/COBE style Sun-synchronous nearly polar low Earth orbit. WISE launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 14 Dec 2009, ejected its cover on 29 Dec 2009, and entered routine survey operations on 14 Jan 2010. By May 30 WISE had taken over a million four-band images.

Past Months

May 2010
May 4, Tuesday 1:10 pm
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Galaxy Assembly in z > 1 Galaxy Clusters"
I will present new results on high-redshift galaxy clusters based on a second generation IRAC survey, SDWFS, that mapped 9 square degrees in the Bootes field. Combined with deep MIPS data, the SDWFS data allow us to investigate the luminosity functions of z > 1 clusters and determine the amounts of star formation and stellar mass buildup in the massive cluster galaxies at relatively early epochs. The mid-IR luminosity functions indicate that the massive galaxies are being assembled by dry merging in clusters at z > 1.5, while the stellar populations began forming at 2 < z < 2.5.
May 6, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium)
Sukanya Chakrabarti, UCB
1 LeConte Hall
"Deciphering the Dynamical Impact of CDM Sub-Structure"
The Dark Matter (CDM) paradigm is very successful at explaining the growth of structure on large scales. However, it predicts an excess of structure on sub-galactic scales. This over-abundance of CDM sub-structure in simulations relative to observations of Local Group dwarf galaxies is currently one of the most outstanding problems in astrophysics and cosmology. Motivated by this discrepancy, we ask the question if dark galaxies (or dim dwarf galaxies) can be discovered by their tidal gravitational effects on the gas disks of spiral galaxies. I will focus most of my talk on my recent work (Chakrabarti & Blitz 2009; Chakrabarti et al. 2010) where I analyze observed perturbations in the outskirts of the gas disk of the Milky Way to infer and characterize a dark sub-halo that tidally interacted with our galaxy. By comparing the Fourier amplitudes of a large set of high resolution SPH simulations of the Milky Way tidally interacting with perturbers, I show that the best fit to the simulations occurs for a 1:100 mass ratio perturber with a pericentric approach distance of ~5 kpc. I will also demonstrate a fundamental property of parabolic orbits that allows us to break the degeneracy between the mass of the perturber and the distance of closest approach in the evaluation of the tidal force. Next, I will show recent results that allow us to extend this tidal analysis method and apply it in generality. I will end by discussing results obtained using my radiative transfer code RADISHE to calculate emergent SEDs and images of simulated galaxies along the course of their time evolution that allow us to correlate multi-wavelength observables with dynamical tracers of tidal interactions.
May 11, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Kevin Schawinski, Yale
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Black hole growth and galaxy evolution"
The co-evolution of galaxies and their central black holes via feedback mechanisms is still poorly understood. I present recent results from large surveys (SDSS & Galaxy Zoo) that show that the galaxy-black hole connection is fundamentally different in early- and late-type galaxies and that simple prescriptions for AGN feedback are challenged by observations. I focus in particular on the role of AGN in the continuous build-up of the red sequence via galaxy mergers at low redshift.
May 27, Thursday 4:00 pm (RPM)
Surhud More, KICP
LBL 50A-5132
"Galaxy-Dark Matter Connection: Satellite Kinematics "
The formation and evolution of galaxies is governed by the mass of the dark matter halo in which they reside. To understand this connection between galaxies and dark matter, it is important to statistically relate the observable properties (e.g. luminosity or stellar mass) of galaxies to the mass of the host halo. This requires accurate and unbiased measurements of the halo masses. The kinematics of satellite galaxies that orbit their host galaxy can be used to measure halo masses. In order to measure the kinematics with sufficient signal-to-noise, one generally needs to stack the satellite galaxies of a large number of host galaxies with similar observable properties. However, in general, the relation between the host galaxy property and the halo mass M has non-zero scatter and therefore the kinematics can be difficult to interpret. I shall present a new method that uses the kinematics of satellites to infer the average halo mass and the scatter in halo masses as a function of the property used to stack host galaxies. I shall present the halo mass-luminosity relation and the halo mass-stellar mass relation of central galaxies obtained by the application of this method to galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I shall discuss the implications of the non-zero scatter in these relations for the physics of galaxy formation and also discuss how such scaling relations can help constrain cosmological parameters.

April 2010:
Apr. 5, Monday 12:10 pm (TAC seminar)
Jenny Greene, Princeton
544 Campbell Hall
"Beyond the M-sigma Relation"
Supermassive black holes (BHs) are a ubiquitous component of nearby galaxies, and we believe that BH growth plays an important role in galaxy evolution. I discuss three projects, each designed to elucidate the role of BH growth in galaxy evolution. I begin with a new look at local BH-bulge scaling relations provided by a large sample of spiral galaxies containing megamaser disks. The resulting exquisite BH mass measurements provide strong evidence that BHs evolve differently in low-mass spiral galaxies. Second, studies of BH demographics as a function of cosmic time provide complementary constraints on the coevolution of BHs and galaxies. I discuss ongoing efforts to use active galaxies as a tracer of the BH population at high redshift. Finally, I present an exciting new sample of dual BHs uncovered with Magellan.
Apr. 6, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Will High, Harvard
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"The dawn of blind SZ cluster surveys: efficient optical follow-up"
The South Pole Telescope team has recently reported the first 21 galaxy clusters uniformly selected by a blind Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) survey. Prompt optical imaging has confirmed the existence of red-sequence galaxy overdensities at the SZ locations, and provided first redshift estimates and rough richness measures. We have also followed up a subset spectroscopically. These are some of the most massive clusters in the universe, spanning redshifts from z = 0.15 to z > 1, with median of 0.74. This remarkable sample serves as proof of concept for planned SZ cluster surveys, which will invigorate studies of, for example, the clustering of dark matter, galaxy formation and evolution, astrophysical studies of intra-cluster dynamics, the evolution of dark energy, and fundamental tests of General Relativity on cosmic scales. We are attacking the problem of following up many hundreds or thousands of SZ detections in the coming years by developing a real-time photometric calibration tool called Stellar Locus Regression. We also attack it from a hardware standpoint by building PISCO, a simultaneous multiband CCD imager. Optimizing the observing strategy alone using SLR provides a factor of 2 in cluster-confirmation yield over standard methods, and PISCO gives another factor of 3 to 4 for z < 1 clusters.
Apr. 13, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Joaquin Vieira, Caltech
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"A new population of millimeter galaxies discovered by the South Pole Telescope "
The South Pole Telescope (SPT) has surveyed hundreds of square degrees to milli-Jansky levels at 1.4 mm and 2.0 mm. Based on the ratio of flux in these two bands, we are able to separate the detected sources into two populations, one consistent with synchrotron emission from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and one consistent with thermal emission from dust. All of the most significantly detected members of the synchrotron-dominated population are associated with sources in previously published radio catalogs. Some of the dust-dominated sources are associated with nearby (z<<1) galaxies whose dust emission is also detected by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS). However, most of the bright, dust-dominated sources have no counterparts in any existing catalog. We argue that these sources represent the rarest, brightest, and possibly strongly-lensed members of the population commonly referred to as sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs). Because these sources are selected at longer wavelengths than in typical SMG surveys, they are expected to have a higher mean redshift distribution and/or a colder mean dust temperature than objects currently in the literature, and may provide a new window on galaxy formation in the early universe. I will present the status of our followup observations of these remarkable sources and discuss them within the context of present and upcoming sub-mm observatories.
Apr. 20, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Rupert Croft, CMU
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Measuring Cosmological Parameters"
Thousands of estimates of cosmological parameters, from H_0 to f_NL have been made since the discovery of the expansion of the Universe. By studying this historical record we can learn more about how to approach the problem of characterizing the Universe and how much we should believe in what we are measuring now and in the future. This talk will be in two parts. In the first, I will undertake a brief statistical survey of published cosmological parameters and their error bars over the last 20 years. Using the latest knowledge of certain now well constrained parameters I will show how realistic past parameter measurements and their error bars were, how the published fractional accuracy varies with time and how the popularity of various techniques has risen and fallen. I will argue that there is always much to be gained in searching for new techniques. In the second part I will give an introduction to the possiblities of astrometric cosmology. If they perform as hoped for, upcoming satellites such as Gaia and SIM should make angular position measurements of quasars precise enough to make a whole new approach to the measurement of cosmological parameters possible. I will explore 3 ways in which this could be done.
Apr. 22, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium)
Kevin Bundy, UCB
1 LeConte Hall
"Galaxy Metamorphosis: Quenching, Downsizing, and the Rise of Spheroidals"
We are arguably living through a transitional epoch in the evolution of galaxies. During the peak of galaxy growth and assembly at z~2, vigorously star-forming disk galaxies were abundant at all masses. Soon after, however, the most massive disks underwent a metamorphosis into spheroidals largely quenched of star formation. This transformation occurs in lower mass galaxies with time, and at present, the rising abundance of quenched spheroidals accounts for more than half of the global stellar mass density. Understanding what drives this metamorphosis remains a key challenge. I will discuss several observational tests enabled by recent galaxy surveys that are providing new insights on possible explanations, including galaxy mergers, AGN feedback, environmental effects, and secular processes. While a consistent picture seems to be emerging, several surprises have revealed unexpected complexity and highlight the notion that evolution likely proceeds in several stages.
Apr. 27, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Yuval Birnboim, CfA
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Virial shocks in galaxy and cluster halos"
As gas is accreted onto halos its gravitational energy is converted into thermal energy. This process usually involves strong shocks ("virial shocks"). I will discuss the stability of virial shocks in the presence of significant cooling, and show that when halos are smaller than ~10^12> solar masses the halo gas cannot be in hydrostatic equilibrium around galaxies. Rather, accreted gas will free-fall until it hits the galaxies. In some conditions, cold filaments will survive within a hot, diffuse halo. I will relate that phenomena to high-z star forming galaxies, and discuss interactions of these cold streams with the galaxy. I will then discuss how non-smooth accretion onto clusters of galaxy can affect the overcooling of clusters.
Apr. 27, Wednesday 12:10 pm (Theory Lunch)
Andrew Wetzel, UCB
544 Campbell Hall
"Merging Galaxies and Dark Matter Halos"

March 2010:
Mar. 2, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Eric Bell, Michigan
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Old, red and dead galaxies in a lambda CDM Universe"
Roughly half of all stars reside in 'old, red and dead' galaxies. These galaxies form stars at very low rates, have little cold gas and typically have a dominant stellar spheroid supported by random motions. In this talk, I will review the evolution of the old, red and dead early-type galaxy population, demonstrating that there is growth in this population between z~1 and the present day. I will show that this build-up affects even the most massive galaxies, although in that case the degree of growth in the population is substantially less certain. In both cases, I will argue that galaxy merging in the amount naturally predicted in a cosmological framework is a key (but by no means the only) driver of that evolution.
Mar. 5, Friday 12:00 pm (INPA Journal Club)
Eyal Kazin, NYU
LBNL 50-5026
"The Baryonic Acoustic Feature and Redshift Distortions in the SDSS LRG Sample"
The Baryonic Acoustic Feature in galaxy clustering is one of the most exciting and promising cosmological distance measurements in modern cosmology. I present clustering measurements of the spherically averaged and line-of-sight acoustic features in the Luminous Red Galaxy sample from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, as well as what might be expected in the (just begun) Baryonic Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey.
I will also present results obtained from redshift distortions in galaxy clustering. As galaxies are observed in redshift-space, as opposed to real-space, peculiar velocities strongly affect the line-of-sight clustering signal. By quantifying these distortions, constraints on their progenitor, namely the matter density of the universe OmegaM0, may be obtained.
Mar. 8 , Monday 12:10 pm (TAC seminar)
George Becker, Cambridge
544 Campbell Hall
"New Insights into Hydrogen and Helium Reionization from the Thermal History of the IGM"
The reionization of hydrogen and helium are intimately linked to the formation of the first galaxies and quasars. Setting direct observational constraints on either process, however, has proven to be highly challenging. I will review progress made in the field over the past few years, and discuss my group's recent work on using the thermal history of the intergalactic medium to observe both helium and hydrogen reionization as they happen. These studies are providing unique insights into the first three billion years of IGM evolution, and will complement upcoming observations in developing a consensus picture of the emergence of the first luminous sources.
Mar. 9, Tuesday 1:10 pm
No seminar (doubled on earlier week),
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
tba
Mar. 10, Wednesday 12:10 pm (Theory Lunch)
Hume Feldman, Kansas
544 Campbell Hall
"Cosmic Flows on 100 Mpc/h Scales: Standardized Minimum Variance Bulk Flow, Shear and Octupole Moments"
The low order moments of the large scale peculiar velocity field are sensitive probes of the matter density fluctuations on very large scales. However, peculiar velocity surveys have varying spatial distributions of tracers, and so the moments estimated are hard to model and thus are not directly comparable between surveys. In addition, the sparseness of typical proper distance surveys can lead to aliasing of small scale power into what is meant to be a probe of the largest scales. We formulate an optimization analysis of the bulk flow, shear and octupole moments where velocities are weighted to give an optimal estimate of the moments of an idealized survey, with the variance of the difference between the estimate and the actual flow being minimized. These minimum variance'' (MV) estimates can be designed to calculate the moments on a particular scale with minimal sensitivity to small scale power, and thus different surveys can be directly compared. The MV moments have almost no correlations between them so that they are virtually orthogonal. Our estimate of the bulk flow on scales of ~100 Mpc/h has a magnitude of |v|= 416 +/- 78 km/s towards Galactic l = 282 +/- 11degrees and $b = 6 +/- 6 degrees, in good agreement with our previous result found fitting only the bulk flow, but in disagreement with WMAP5 cosmological parameters at the 99.5% CL. The shear and octupole moments are consistent with WMAP5 power spectrum, but the measurement noise is larger for these moments than for the bulk flow. The relatively low shear moments suggest that the sources responsible for the bulk flow are at large distances. Mar. 11, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium) James Bullock, Irvine "Dwarf Galaxies, Dark Matter, and the Threshold of Galaxy Formation" Over the past five years, searches in Sloan Digital Sky Survey data have more than doubled the number of known satellite galaxies orbiting around the Milky Way disk, revealing a population of ultra-faint systems with total light output barely reaching ~1000 times that of the Sun. These newly-discovered dwarf galaxies represent galaxy formation in the extreme. They are not only the faintest galactic systems known but they are also the most dark matter dominated and most metal poor galaxies in the universe. Completeness corrections suggest that we are poised on the edge of a vast discovery space in galaxy phenomenology, with hundreds more ultra-faint galaxies to be discovered as future instruments hunt for the low-luminosity threshold of galaxy formation. I discuss how dark matter dominated dwarfs of this kind probe the small-scale power-spectrum and offer a particularly useful target for dark matter indirect detection experiments. Mar. 16, Tuesday 1:10 pm Eric Switzer, Chicago 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "Statistics of the source population observed at mm-wavelengths by the South Pole Telescope" I will report on recent results from the South Pole Telescope's survey of an 87 square-degree region observed in 2008. The source population in the region can be separated into point sources of synchrotron and dust-dominated emission based on the spectral index between their observed 1.4 mm and 2.0 mm fluxes. The rising spectrum of dust-dominated emission compensates for the diminution of flux with redshift. This and SPT's uniquely large area and sensitivity allow it to cast a wide net, and catch some interesting fish. All of the most significantly detected members of the synchrotron-dominated population, however, are associated with sources in previously published radio catalogs, and models anticipate their counts well. I will describe these source populations and their statistics from the SPT survey. Mar. 23, Tuesday 1:10 pm spring break Mar. 30, Tuesday 1:10 pm No talk 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) February 2010: Feb. 2, Tuesday 1:10 pm Jason Prochaska, Santa Cruz 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "Direct Measurement of the IGM Opacity to H I Ionizing Photons" We present a new method to directly measure the opacity from HI Lyman limit (LL) absorption k_LL along quasar sightlines by the intergalactic medium (IGM). The approach analyzes the average (stacked'') spectrum of an ensemble of quasars at a common redshift to infer the mean free path (MFP) to ionizing radiation. We apply this technique to 1800 quasars at z=3.50-4.34 drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), giving the most precise measurements on k_LL at any redshift. From z=3.6 to 4.3, the opacity increases steadily as expected and is well parameterized by MFP = (48.4 +/- 2.1) - (38.0 +/- 5.3)*(z-3.6) h^-1 Mpc (proper distance). The relatively high MFP values indicate that the incidence of systems which dominate k_LL evolves less strongly at z>3 than that of the Lya forest. We infer a mean free path three times higher than some previous estimates, a result which has important implications for the photo-ionization rate derived from the emissivity of star forming galaxies and quasars. Finally, our analysis reveals a previously unreported, systematic bias in the SDSS quasar sample related to the survey's color targeting criteria. This bias potentially affects all z~3 IGM studies using the SDSS database. Feb. 4, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium) Alice Shapley, UCLA 1 Le Conte "The ISM in Star-forming Galaxies at z~2-3: Surprising New Insights" There has always been a veritable explosion of surveys of z>1.5 galaxies within the last few years. Much of this work has focused on the global properties of distant galaxy populations, rather than the detailed physical properties of individual objects. Indeed, given the faint apparent magnitudes and small angular sizes of typical star-forming galaxies in the distant universe, such detailed studies are challenging. However, aided by gravitational lensing and a wide array of multi-wavelength observations, we present some new results that provide insight into the detailed physical conditions in HII regions of star-forming galaxies at z~2-3, the nature of dust extinction in such systems, and the structure of their large-scale outflows -- all crucial ingredients in models of early star formation and its resulting feedback. Feb. 5, Friday 12:00 pm (INPA Journal Club) David Rapetti, Stanford LBNL 50-5026 "Constraints on dark energy, cluster astrophysics, modified gravity and neutrino properties from the observed growth of massive clusters " I will discuss the main results of a series of papers in which we derive simultaneous constraints on cosmological and X-ray scaling relation parameters using observations of the growth of massive, X-ray flux-selected galaxy clusters. Our data set consists of 238 cluster detections from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey, and incorporates follow-up observations of 94 of those clusters using the Chandra X-ray Observatory or ROSAT. We have implemented a new statistical framework to self-consistently produce simultaneous constraints on cosmology and scaling relations from such data, accounting for survey biases, parameter degeneracies and the impact of systematic uncertainties. I will present tight constraints on models of dark energy, and on the luminosity-mass and temperature-mass relations, which, as I will discuss, lead to important results on cluster astrophysics. I will also present improved constraints on departures from General Relativity (GR) on cosmological scales, using the growth index, gamma, to parameterize the linear growth rate of cosmic structure. Combining the X-ray cluster growth data with cluster gas-mass fraction, SNIa, BAO and CMB data we find a tight correlation between gamma and sigma_8. Allowing w to take any constant value, we simultaneously constrain the growth and expansion histories, and find no evidence for departures from either GR or the LCDM paradigm. We also obtain robust constraints on neutrino properties, such as the species-summed neutrino mass and the effective number of neutrino species, that are enabled by the precise and robust constraint on sigma_8 from our data. Our results highlight the power of X-ray studies, which enable the straightforward production of large, complete, and pure cluster samples and admit tight scaling relations, to constrain cosmology. However, the new statistical framework we apply to this task is equally applicable to cluster studies at other wavelengths. Feb. 9, Tuesday 1:10 pm Jordi Miralda-Escude, Barcelona 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "Lyman alpha emission during and after reionization" A powerful probe to the high-redshift universe is found in the detection of Lyman alpha photons produced by several processes: star formation, gas cooling, and fluorescence of ionizing radiation. I will discuss how Lyman alpha emitting galaxies can be used to study the epoch of reionization at z ~ 6, and other applications of Lyman alpha fluorescence at lower redshifts. Feb. 12, Friday 3:00 pm (SSL Colloquium) Aaron Parsons, UCB SSL Addition Conference Room "The Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER): 16-Station Results" The Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER) is an experiment to detect the heating and ionization of the IGM using the 21cm line of HI, redshifted by a factor of 10 down to a band around 150 MHz. Calibration and imaging are challenges at these low frequencies, and celestial foregrounds outshine the expected signal by 5 orders of magnitude. The payoff is a data set rivaling the CMB that could both constrain cosmological models and give us insight into how structure began forming in our universe. I'll present a status report on the PAPER experiment, our 8- and 16-antenna deployments in West Virginia and South Africa, and describe the progress we are making in calibrating our instrument and cataloging the sky in a waveband that has been largely ignored since the 1970's. Feb. 16, Tuesday 1:10 pm Berian James, Dark Cosmology Centre, Copenhagen 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "Cosmic Evolution and Large-scale Structure" Using measurements of the spatial cross-correlation between galaxies and (X-ray detected) clusters in the Cosmic Evolution Survey, I will introduce some of the recent advances in our understanding of non-linear structure formation. Topics deserving attention and justification are: the analytic halo model of clustering; the evolution of galaxy bias; and the relationship between mass and the shape of dark matter haloes. I will then proceed to place these topics in the context of large-scale structure and non-Gaussianity and argue for a generalisation of our present approach to the subject. Feb. 16, Tuesday 4:00 pm (RPM, LBL) Michele Papucci, IAS LBNL 50A-5132 "Indirect Probes of the Dark Sector" In the last year PAMELA and Fermi satellites reported anomalies in Cosmic Rays fluxes. Different ideas have been invoked to explain it, some involving Dark Matter annihilating (or decaying) in our Galaxy. In this talk I will present the current status of the Dark Matter explanation. In particular I will explain why such interpretation suggests the presence of an "hidden" sector with new light particles very weakly coupled to the Standard Model. Possible ways to probe this new sector with current and future experiments will be discussed. Feb. 18, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium) Lori Lubin, Davis 1 LeConte Hall "Understanding Cluster Formation and Galaxy Evolution... ORELSE" I present the motivation, design, and latest results of the Observations of Redshift Evolution in Large Scale Environments (ORELSE) Survey, a systematic search for structure on scales greater than 10 Mpc around 20 known galaxy clusters at redshifts of z > 0.6. The survey covers nearly 5 square degrees, all targeted at high-density regions, making it complementary and comparable to field surveys such as DEEP2 and COSMOS. I describe the large scale structures that have been photometrically and spectroscopically confirmed so far through this program. In particular, I focus on the multi-wavelength studies of the C1 1604 supercluster at z = 0.9, which contains at least eight clusters and spans 10 Mpc by 100 Mpc. I will describe the filamentary structure of this supercluster, the galaxy properties as a function of environment, and the large population of (optically-innocuous) active galaxies detected through radio, mid-IR, and X-ray observations. The physical processes responsible for star-formation, starbursts, and nuclear activity in these intermediate-density regimes and the implications for galaxy evolution will be discussed. Feb. 22, Monday 12:10 pm (special seminar) Marcelo Alvarez, CITA 325 LeConte "Simulating the Epoch of Reionization and its Observational Consequences" Reionization was accompanied not only by strong and immediate local feedback effects, but also left indelible marks that likely persist to the present day. Even with modern computational hardware and algorithms, direct and simultaneous simulation of all the processes involved in reionization -- within a representative volume -- is far beyond our reach. Because reionization ended before most of the complexity we see today had time to grow, however, there remains hope for the development of a predictive theory for its global history, morphology, and relation to the first stars and galaxies. I will present results from our recent efforts along these lines, which include adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) radiative transfer simulations of the first stars and black holes, a new method for calculating the three-dimensional morphology of reionization on Gpc scales, and cosmological N-body simulations which evolve the formation of structure in the post-reionization universe down to z=0. I will then describe how this approach can be developed further and how remaining uncertainties can be constrained by existing and future observations of the local and high-redshift universe. Feb. 23, Tuesday 1:10 pm Ann Zabludoff, Arizona 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "A Census of Baryons in Groups and Clusters of Galaxies" We have now discovered that intracluster stars are a significant part of the stellar baryons in galaxy clusters and groups. The detection of this previously unexplored baryonic component has consequences for the baryon budget of clusters and its relationship to the universal value obtained from WMAP observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Because metals produced by intracluster stars do not need to escape from galaxies, but are instead directly injected into the intergalactic medium, the existence of this stellar population also has significant consequences for the enrichment history of the hot, X-ray-emitting, intracluster gas. I will review our recent work characterizing the properties of intracluster stars, as well as new constraints on missing baryons on the scales of clusters and groups, on whether it is possible to account for the high metal content of the intracluster medium, and on the mass profiles of the largest bound systems in the universe. Feb. 25, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium and Cosmology Seminar) Dennis Zaritsky, Arizona 1 LeConte Hall "A Revised Perspective on Galactic Structure" Unlike the theory of stellar structure, which has a simple and intuitive outline, that of galactic structure is piecemeal and ad hoc. In fact, it has been difficult even to determine whether or not one should expect there to be such an analog. Numerical modeling of the problem grows ever more sophisticated and detailed in its efforts to match observations, suggesting that perhaps the problem is beyond any simple description. However, I will, using simple and general arguments, demonstrate that the global structure of galaxies of all sizes, masses, and morphological types can be described to a high degree using only two observational parameters. I will then explore the nature of those two parameters and ultimately present an attempt to tie those to basic physical parameters, thereby providing (perhaps) a simple and intuitive outline of galactic structure. January 2010: Jan. 7, Thursday 4:00 pm (RPM) Adam Myers, UIUC LBNL 50A-5132 "Targeting Quasars for Cosmology: SDSS to BOSS to BigBOSSS" Quasars are events that probe large volumes of the Universe and will thus be key cosmological tracers over the next few decades. Quasars are sparse events, however, and targeting them in large numbers is a difficult problem. This problem can be ameliorated by using sophisticated statistical techniques (neural nets, kernel density estimation, decision trees) and by constantly finding new, evolving sources of targeting information to improve survey returns. Such an approach has its own issues, however, some of which will seem familiar to high energy experimental physicists, e.g., the application of advanced statistical techniques to overwhelmingly large data sets, sometimes in the time domain. Most worryingly for some cosmological applications, an evolving approach to quasar selection imprints a complicated selection function on the survey that can be difficult to convincingly disentangle. In this talk I will discuss how the evolution of quasar targeting affected some cosmological measurements in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, how an evolving approach approach to quasar targeting can be turned into a positive for certain cosmological measurements in BOSS and the prospects for targeting quasars in large numbers in a next generation survey beyond BOSS such as BigBOSS. Jan. 12, Tuesday 1:10 pm Desika Narayanan, Harvard-Smithsonian, CfA 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "The Formation and Evolution of High-Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies" Submillimeter Galaxies at z~2 are the most luminous, heavily star-forming galaxies in the Universe. While observers have been rapidly amassing clues regarding this enigmatic population, the mere existence of these galaxies has remained a sticking point for theoretical models. In explaining their observed properties, theorists have required varied physical deviancies from local Universe phenomena. I will argue that extraordinary physics is unnecessary to explain this population. In this talk, I will present a merger-driven model that describes the formation and evolution of SMGs which accurately reproduces the observed UV-mm wave SED, the inferred physical properties of the population, and the observed number counts. This model provides a natural connection between SMGs, 24 micron sources, and BzK galaxies, thus providing some synthesis to the zoo of galaxies being detected at high-z. Finally, I will describe model distinguishing tests which will be feasible with the next generation of telescopes (Herschel, JWST and ALMA). Jan. 19, Tuesday 1:10 pm Bruno Serfass, UCB 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "New Results from the CDMS II Experiment" The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) collaboration has pioneered the use of ionization and athermal phonon signals to discriminate between signal (nuclear recoil) and background (electron recoil) events in germanium crystals cooled to ~50 mK. Timing, ionization yield, and position information allow us to maximize discovery potential by achieving a background expectation of less than one event. The final runs of the CDMS II experiment in the Soudan Underground Laboratory located in northern Minnesota include an additional ~600 kg-days of raw exposure of our germanium detectors. I will present results from the recently unblinded analysis of this data, report on the significance of these new results, and discuss the implications for future dark matter direct detection experiments. Jan. 19, Tuesday 4:00 pm (RPM) Chien Y. Peng, Herzberg Inst., Victoria LBL 50A-5132 "The Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies since z~4" The discoveries of strong correlations between supermassive black hole and galaxy properties have greatly shaped our view that galaxy evolution and black hole activity are closely related. Using gravitational lenses and direct imaging methods, we are making important strides toward quantifying the black hole (MBH) vs. galaxy bulge mass (Mbulge) relation out to redshifts of ~4, and down to MBH~10^6 Msol in nearby galaxies. I will discuss our finding that the MBH-to-Mbulge ratio (at MBH > 10^8 Msol) increases at high redshifts. I will also discuss why selection biases do not weaken the conclusions. Another key evidence is that the sizes of the quasar host galaxies are highly compact compared to their mass -- a result which remarkably agrees with more recent studies of massive normal galaxies at the same epoch. Then, I will change gears to illustrate how galaxy merging can statistically produce salient features of the MBH vs. Mbulge relation virtually regardless of the initial conditions. An interesting prediction from models is that galaxies which have undergone more major mergers in the past preferentially lie on the tighter and more linear part of the MBH vs. Mtotal (total galaxy mass) relation. If, as widely believed, such merger histories tend to produce massive bulges, then statistics reveal that the more fundamental relation is actually that between the MBH and Mtotal, of which the tighter MBH-MBulge correlation is a special case. I compare predictions of statistical merging with measurements made through detailed analysis of nearby galaxies and AGNs. Taken together, these data indicate that the correlation between MBH vs. Mbulge deviates from linearity at low masses and that massive galaxies may have to grow by factors of 2-4 since redshift of 2-4. Jan. 22, Friday 12:00 pm (INPA Journal Club) Olivier Le Fevre, LAM Institute, France LBNL 50-5026 "Deep spectroscopic redshift surveys: with VLT-VIMOS: VVDS, zCOSMOS, VIPERS..." Understanding galaxy and large scale structure formation and evolution requires the observations of unbiased samples of galaxies in large volumes all along cosmic time. The multi-slit spectrograph VIMOS has been designed to do just that, and has been the workhorse for deep surveys at the ESO-VLT since 2002. I will discuss some of the key results which have been obtained on the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) and the zCOSMOS survey, from which a clearer picture of galaxy evolution is emerging. I will discuss the power of deep redshift surveys as a probe of the cosmological model, with expectations from the on-going VIPERS survey. I will conclude with a presentation of DIORAMAS , the next generation Multi-slit spectrograph under study for the ESO-EELT. Jan. 25, Monday 4:00 pm Eli Rykoff, UCSB INPA room 50-5026 "Cosmological Constraints Using Multi-Wavelength Observations of Galaxy Clusters" Galaxy clusters, as the largest peaks in the cosmic density field, play an important role in astrophysics and cosmology. Accurate determination of cluster scaling relations and cosmological parameters such as sigma_8 and omega_m requires large samples of uniformly observed clusters. The SDSS maxBCG catalog is a highly pure and complete optically selected cluster sample, containing ~14,000 rich clusters in the redshift range 0.1 < z < 0.3 from SDSS DR5 imaging data. Through cross-correlation of the maxBCG catalog with X-ray photon maps from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS), we trace how the average X-ray properties scale with optical richness. Combined with stacked weak lensing observations, we obtain the first constraints on the covariance among cluster richness, X-ray luminosity, and halo mass. After accounting for scatter and covariance among the cluster observables, we measure sigma_8 with precision comparable to the current generation of deep X-ray surveys. Finally, I discuss how cross-correlation with X-rays allows us to create reduced scatter optical richness estimators that are more tightly correlated with halo mass. Jan. 26, Tuesday 1:10 pm Scott Daniel, IEU, Korea 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "Constraining a model-independent parametrization of modified gravity" Lately, much interest has been focused on the possibility that cosmic acceleration is a manifestation of some gravity theory other than general relativity taking hold at cosmological scales. Several specific theories have emerged as candidates. Most of them fail to explain at least one aspect of the cosmological data. We will attempt to constrain the parameter space of modified gravity without presuming what the specific theory is. This allows us to make general statements about broad categories of theories. We find that current CMB and weak lensing data is consistent with general relativity, but allows for modifications to the usual relationship between gravitational potentials and matter on the order of 10%. December 2009: Dec. 1, Tuesday 1:10 pm Yu Lu, U Mass Amherst 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "The Bayesian Approach Based Semi-Analytic Model of Galaxy Formation" Over decades, Semi-Analytic Models (SAMs) of galaxy formation, which are multi-parameter phenomenological models that use parameterizations to describe the important physical processes, have been developed. By adjusting the free parameters given constraints from observations, one hopes to learn about the effects of the dominant physical mechanisms of galaxy formation. Despite enormous popularity SAMs have gained, the method have been criticized for the fact that its implementations do not apply rigorous statistical methodology. In the presentation, I will introduce the Bayesian approach for SAMs, which has the power to combine information efficiently from the diverse data sources, rigorously establish confidence bounds on the theoretical models, and provide useful probability-based methods for hypothesis test. Using Bayesian model inference, I will show how a SAM is constrained by the stellar mass function, conditional stellar mass function and HI mass function of observed galaxies. I will show that while the model contains huge degeneracies among the parameters, it has serious challenge to consistently explain many aspects of galaxy populations, suggesting that the model still lacks some key physics, although it has seemed to be sophisticated. Dec. 4 , Friday 12:00 pm (INPA journal club) Alberto Vallinotto, Fermilab LBL 50-5026 "Dark matter Under Different Angles " Most often, the dark matter puzzle is analyzed along a single perspective, thus trying to answer a single question. Either "what is the dark matter?", focusing on its microscopic nature, or "how is dark matter distributed in the universe?" focusing on the large scale structure of the universe, or still "how does it affect what we observe in the sky?". Both my scientific interests and some random fluctuations at the beginning of my career have conspired so that I would take on projects in all these fields. Leaving aside the ambition -- and the impossible task -- to be comprehensive, I will review some interesting aspects of these fields and some of my contributions, ranging from using astrophysical cross-correlations to put constraints on the neutrino masses, to the interplay between Higgs searches at colliders and dark matter experiments, to using gamma ray observations to detect and measure properties of extra dimensions. Dec. 4, Friday 12:10 pm (Astro Journal Club) Don Neill, Caltech 544 Campbell Hall "Putting Supernovae in their Place" Supernova population studies are entering a new era when large area surveys are beginning to fill in the missing elements in stellar explosive phenomena. By correlating the whole range of supernovae with their host galaxy properties, we open a window onto the progenitors of these objects. We also begin to calibrate supernovae for a more challenging role as high-redshift probes of different modes of star formation. Essential to this effort is the availability of multi-wavelength wide area host imaging from GALEX, SDSS, 2MASS and IRAS (soon to be augmented by the WISE survey), combined with the latest galaxy evolution diagnostics derived over a range of redshifts. I will summarize recent results from a study of supernova type Ia hosts, where we used well-fit light curves to explore the supernova's relationship to its host galaxy. I will then present the results from a preliminary exploration into the hosts of a wider range of supernova types, including a new type of ultra-luminous supernova that appears to favor very low-mass hosts. Dec. 8, Tuesday 1:10 pm Will Percival, Portsmouth 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "Luminous Red Galaxies: a passively evolving population?" I present the results from a comprehensive study of the evolution of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) in the latest and final spectroscopic data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The scenario of passive evolution of LRGs for$0.15<0.5$is tested, by looking at the evolution of the number and luminosity density of LRGs, as well as of their clustering. A new weighting scheme is introduced that allows us to keep a large number of galaxies in our sample and put stringent constraints on the growth and merging allowed by the data. Introducing additional luminosity-dependent weighting for our clustering analysis allows us to additionally constrain the nature of the mergers. We find that in the redshift range probed, the population of LRGs grows in luminosity by 1.5-6 \% Gyr$^{-1}depending on their luminosity. This growth is predominantly happening in objects which reside in low-mass haloes, and cannot be explained by satellite accretion into massive LRGs. We find that the evolution of the brightest objects is consistent with that expected from passive evolution. Dec. 10, Thursday 4:00 pm (RPM) Pat McDonald, CITA LBNL 50A-5132 "The Lyman-alpha Forest: SDSS to BOSS" The Lyman-alpha forest (LyaF) is the absorption in high redshift quasar spectra by neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium. It provides a good probe of the density field at z~3 on scales down to ~100 kpc. When combined with the CMB on larger scales, the LyaF observed in thousands of quasar spectra from SDSS currently provides strong constraints on the power spectrum of initial density perturbations, neutrino masses that affect structure formation, and warm dark matter. These constraints will improve significantly with the expanded BOSS data set. BOSS will also probe dark energy by detecting the baryonic acoustic oscillation standard ruler in the LyaF absorption. Dec. 10, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquim) Peter Nugent, LBNL 2 LeConte Hall "The era of Synoptic Surveys" Astrophysics is transforming from a data-starved to a data-swamped discipline, fundamentally changing the nature of scientific inquiry and discovery. New technologies are enabling the detection, transmission, and storage of data of hitherto unimaginable quantity and quality across the electromagnetic, gravity and particle spectra. The observational data obtained in the next decade alone will supersede everything accumulated over the preceding four thousand years of astronomy. Within the next year there will be no fewer than 4 large-scale photometric and spectroscopic surveys underway, each generating and/or utilizing tens of terabytes of data per year. Some will focus on the static universe while others will greatly expand our knowledge of transient phenomena. Maximizing the science from these programs requires integrating the processing pipeline with high-performance computing resources coupled to large astrophysics databases with near real-time turnaround. Here I will present an overview of the first of these programs, the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), the processing and discovery pipeline we have developed at LBNL and NERSC for it and several of the great discoveries made during the first 120 nights of observations. In particular, I will highlight how these efforts have enabled a much more robust nearby supernova program, allowing us to carry out next generation cosmology programs with both Type Ia and II-P supernovae while at the same time discovering events which previously exploded only in the minds of theorists. I will also discuss the synergy between PTF and future spectroscopic surveys like BigBOSS particularly the power of PTF to be a source for LRG and QSO target selection. Finally I will comment on how the lessons learned from PTF will be essential for the preparation of future large synoptic sky surveys like LSST and SASIR. Dec. 11 , Friday 12:00 pm (INPA journal club) Beth Reid, Barcelona LBL 50-5026 "Final results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: geometry of the universe and constraints on cosmological neutrinos" In the standard cosmological paradigm, galaxies formed from the small perturbations we observe in the Cosmic Microwave Background. Galaxy clustering provides a probe of the primordial fluctuations, the geometry of the universe, and the scale-dependent suppression of fluctuations by massive neutrinos. I will present cosmological constraints from the final data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, highlighting the impact of improved modeling of the galaxy-dark matter relationship and demonstrating control of systematic modeling errors. I will also show how complementary current low redshift observations further improve constraints on cosmological neutrinos. Dec. 14, Monday 4:00 pm (Cadie Discussion group) Hendrik Hildebrandt, Leiden LeConte 4th floor seminar room (in the CTP) "Cosmic Magnification - A New Window to Cosmology" (short talk) Weak gravitational lensing (WL) is a unique tool to study the large-scale mass distribution of the universe since it is sensitive to both, visible and dark matter (DM). So far, the large-scale structure has been mainly studied through WL by employing its shear effect. In this talk I will present a new, complementary method based on the magnification effect of WL. We measure the cross-correlation functions of ~80,000 background Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) selected from the CFHTLS-Deep to foreground lenses selected by accurate photo-z's. The amplitude and shape of the signal depend on cosmology and on the luminosity function of the LBGs, and we show that our measurements agree very well with theoretical expectations. New measurements on the much larger CFHTLS-Wide data set will yield the first cosmological constraints from WL magnification. Furthermore, we study the magnitude-shift effect of magnification from the same data which will be used to estimate the profiles of the DM- and dust-halos of galaxies out to z~1. Dec. 15, Tuesday 1:10 pm Teppei Okumura, Korea 544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131) "Intrinsic ellipticity correlation of luminous red galaxies on large scales" Precise measurement of galaxy intrinsic alignments is important not only for weak gravitational lensing surveys but also for galaxy formation and evolution studies. We investigate the orientation correlation of giant elliptical galaxies by measuring the intrinsic ellipticity -- ellipticity (II) correlation function of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We have accurately determined the correlation up to 30h^{-1}Mpc. Then we use a cosmological N-body simulation to examine misalignment between the central LRGs and their parent dark matter halos. We obtain a tight constraint on the typical misalignment parameter,\sigma_\theta={35.4}^{+4.0}_{-3.3}degrees (26.9 degrees on average). This type of intrinsic ellipticity correlation, if not corrected, can lead to contamination at 5 percent level to the shear power spectrum in weak lensing surveys. Next we examine whether the gravitational shear -- intrinsic ellipticity (GI) correlation function of LRGs can be modeled with the distribution function of the obtained misalignment angle. By comparing the GI correlation functions of LRGs in the simulation and in the SDSS, we find that the GI correlation can be precisely modeled in the current LCDM model with the misalignment parameter\sigma_\theta\$. We also find a correlation between the LRG shape and its orientation. This effect should be taken into account in theoretical modeling of the GI and II correlations for weak lensing surveys.
Dec. 15, Tuesday 4:00 pm (RPM)
Shun Saito, Tokyo
LBNL 50B-4205
"Constraint on Neutrino Mass with Galaxy Surveys"
The finite mass of neutrinos is only one evidence which shows the standard model of particle physics is violated. It is rather intriguing to know the absolute mass scale of neutrinos, since the mass square differences between different mass eigenstates are measured through neutrino oscillations. As a route to access the absolute mass scale of neutrinos, cosmological observations are attractive tools which have already provide us the most stringent upper bound on the neutrino masses. Especially, we can gain the wealthy information on the neutrino masses from the large-scale structure of the universe combined with the cosmic microwave background anisotropies. In this talk I will focus on the clustering of galaxies and discuss the prospects on the neutrino mass with the on-going or future galaxy surveys proposed to reveal the nature of dark energy. In particular, I will discuss the modeling of nonlinear structure formation correctly including the effect of massive neutrinos based on perturbation theory approach. In addition I will present an attempt to carefully apply our model to the existing data of galaxy surveys and compare our results with the constraint obtained with empirical approach to nonlinear modeling.
Dec. 16, Wednesday 12:00 pm (INPA Journal Club)
Steve Ritz, UCSC/SCIPP
LBNL 50-5026
"Report of the HEPAP Particle Astrophysics Scientific Assessment Group (PASAG)"
In April 2009, at the request of the Office of High Energy Physics of the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation, the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel formed the Particle Astrophysics Scientific Assessment Group (PASAG) subpanel for the purpose of developing a plan for U.S. particle physics at the Cosmic Frontier for the coming decade under a set of budget assumptions. The charge, subpanel membership, and report are available here: http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/panels/reports/hepap_reports.shtml. This talk will summarize the report and the process.
Dec. 18, Friday 12:00 pm (INPA Journal Club)
Lincoln Greenhill, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA
LBNL 50-5026
"Outback Radio Cosmology: the Epoch of Reionization and the Murchison Wide-field Array "
Data that constrain theoretical pictures of how the universe was reinonized during the roughly first billion years after the Big Bang are sparse. This is the era when the building blocks of our cosmos formed, i.e., the first stars and galaxies. As a result, there is a troubling gap in the cosmological record. The Murchison Wide-field Array (MWA) is an 8000-element radio interferometer being built in Western Australia, intended to make first detections of the evolving angular power spectrum of neutral Hydrogen in the intergalactic medium during reionization. The project is shaking down a 5% demonstrator and testbed prior to build out. I will discuss basic design principles, including the novel use of High Performance Computing based on GPUs, report on the status of the project, and describe a proposed progression of pathfinders leading to a low-frequency square kilometer array somewhat after 2020.
Dec. 18, Friday 4:00 pm
LBNL 50 Auditorium (note room change)
"New Results from CDMS"

November 2009:
Nov. 2, Monday 12:10 pm (TAC seminar)
Alyson Brooks, Caltech
544 Campbell Hall
"The formation of Realistic Galaxy Disks"
Much progress has been made in recent years in forming realistic disk galaxies in fully cosmological simulations. I will highlight the necessity of both 1) a physically motivated prescription for star formation and feedback and 2) very high numerical resolution to achieve a successful model for the formation of disk galaxies. I will then present results from the first simulated bulgeless disk galaxy. Finally, I will present results from an L* disk galaxy that emphasizes the interplay of both gas accretion and feedback in creating disks, and in quickly reforming disks despite disruption in low z major mergers.
Nov. 3, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Molly Peeples, OSU
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Balancing Outflows and Gas Dilution: The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z=0"
The gas-phase oxygen abundances of star-forming galaxies are tightly correlated with the galaxies' stellar masses such that more massive galaxies are more oxygen-rich. Because oxygen is produced on relatively short timescales (~10 Myr), this so-called mass-metallicity relation is a sequence of oxygen depletion: low-mass galaxies are metal-depleted relative to the true nucleosynthetic yield rather than massive galaxies being preferentially enriched. Preferential metal-depletion can be caused by either diluting the gas (e.g., via higher accretion rates of pristine gas or by lower star-formation efficiencies) or by preferentially removing metals from low-mass galaxies via galaxy winds. I will use simple analytic arguments to show how the observed mass-metallicity relation implies the required balance between gas dilution and gas outflow. In order to reproduce the mass-metallicity relation in cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations, star formation feedback is required. The resolution of such simulations, however, demands that this feedback is not directly modeled; I will discuss how I am examining and clarifying the issues surrounding different SPH galaxy wind implementations.
Nov.6 , Friday 12:00 pm (INPA journal club)
Guido D'Amico, SISSA
LBNL 50-5026

I will study generic single-field dark energy models, by a parametrization of the most general theory of their perturbations around a given background, including higher derivative terms. In appropriate limits this approach reproduces standard quintessence, k-essence and ghost condensation. There are no general pathologies associated to an equation of state w_Q < -1 or in crossing the phantom divide w_Q = -1. Stability requires that, when w_Q < -1, dark energy behaves, on cosmological scales, as a fluid with a virtually zero speed of sound. Theoretical and stability constraints are summarized on the quintessential plane (1+w_Q) vs. speed of sound squared. Finally, I will discuss the effect of dark energy with a zero speed of sound on non-linear scales, by calculating the cluster mass function.
Nov.6 , Friday 3:00 pm (SSL colloquium)
Christian Reichardt,UCB
SSL Addition conference room Please note there is a Hill shuttle from Hearst Mining Circle at 2:40 pm
"Early Results from the South Pole Telescope"
The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10-meter telescope designed to survey the millimeter-wave sky, taking advantage of the exceptional observing conditions at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The telescope and its ground-breaking 960-element bolometric camera (developed at UCB) were successfully installed at the South Pole in 2007. Since then, SPT has embarked upon a large, three-frequency survey covering more than 5% of the entire sky. The primary science goal of the survey is to constrain the evolution of dark energy through a mass-limited catalogue of hundreds of SZ clusters. However, it will also produce a rich data set for exploring the properties of individual clusters and sub-millimeter galaxies, and for probing small-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropies. I will report upon on early science prospects and results from the 2008 SPT data.
Nov. 10, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Charlie Conroy, Princeton
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"The stellar population synthesis technique"
The SPS technique is deceptively simple. Relying on stellar evolution calculations, stellar spectral libraries, and dust models, practitioners of SPS aim to convert the observed spectral energy distributions of galaxies into physical properties. Knowledge of these physical properties, which range from total stellar masses to star formation rates and metallicities, are essential for understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies. The SPS framework thus provides a fundamental link between theory and observations. Despite its importance, a systematic investigation of the uncertainties in SPS is lacking. In this talk I will describe ongoing work exploring and constraining the panoply of uncertainties in SPS, including uncertainties in stellar evolution, dust models, and initial mass functions, amonst others, and their propagation into the derived physical properties of galaxies.

Nov.13 , Friday 2:00 pm (INPA journal club)
Pascal Ripoche, LBNL
LBNL 50-5026
"Type Ia Supernovae Rate as a Function of Redshift From The First 3 Years of The SuperNovae Legacy Survey"
I will present a measurement of the Type Ia supernova (SN\,Ia) rate as a function of redshift, based on the first 3 years of the SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS). Supernova candidates were detected and light-curves derived on images obtained for the deep survey of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS), covering four 1 square degree fields, while spectroscopy of Sn Ia candidates was obtained at VLT, Gemini and Keck telescopes. A complete re-processing of the imaging survey was performed with an automated procedure, producing an unbiased sample of about 400 Sn Ia candidates. About 200 of these candidates were spectroscopically followed and identified during the "real-time" operations. A detailed "on image" Sn Ia simulation was performed to derive precise detection and identification efficiencies. Using both photometric and spectroscopic redshift, we have derived a Sn Ia explosion rate in redshift bins of 0.1 between z=0.2 and z=1.2 and compared this measurement with predictions based on cosmic star formation history models.
Nov. 16, Monday 12:10 pm (TAC seminar)
Claude-Andre Faucher Giguere,Harvard-CfA
544 Campbell Hall
"Ly-alpha Emission from Galaxy Formation"
Astronomers have exquisite observations of both galaxies (by directly imaging their stars) and of the intergalactic medium (in absorption spectra of background sources). While we know that the galactic baryons must have been accreted from the IGM, we currently have virtually no direct observations of the galaxy assembly process itself. Contrary to the classical picture of galaxy formation in which the accreting gas is shock-heated to the virial temperature of the halo before cooling, recent simulations show that most of the gas is instead accreted in cold streams, with temperatures T~10^4-10^5 K. At these temperatures, the accretion streams will radiate primarily in the Ly-alpha line and may be accessible to current observations. I will present new results combining cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with Ly-alpha radiative transfer, including the expected Ly-alpha luminosities, spectra, and morphologies of the accretion streams. I will discuss whether these streams may have already been detected in the form of extended 'Ly-alpha blobs'.
Nov. 17, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Eli Rykoff, UCSB
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Cosmological Constraints Using Multi-Wavelength Observations of Galaxy Clusters"
Galaxy clusters, as the largest peaks in the cosmic density field, play an impiortant role in astrophysics and cosmology. They are remarkable objects: massive, dynamic, and rich in observables. Accurate determination of cluster scaling relations and cosmological parameters such as sigma_8 and omega_m requires large samples of uniformly observed clusters. The SDSS maxBCG catalog is a highly pure and complete optically selected cluster sample, containing ~14,000 rich clusters in the redshift range 0.1 < z < 0.3 from SDSS DR5 imaging data. Through a cross-correlation of the maxBCG catalog with X-ray photon maps from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS), we trace how the average X-ray properties scale with optical richness. Combined with stacked weak lensing observations, we obtain the first constraints on the covariance among cluster richness, X-ray luminosity, and halo mass. After accounting for these systematics, we measure sigma_8 with precision comparable to the current generation of deep X-ray surveys. Finally, I discuss how cross-correlating optical catalogs with X-ray photon mas allows us to create reduced scatter optical richness estimators that are more tightly correlated with halo mass.

Nov. 18, Wednesday 12:10 pm (Wednesday Theory Lunch)
Doron Lemze, Tel Aviv
544 Campbell Hall
"Multi-wavelength Studies of Galaxy Clusters and Their Use as Cosmological Probes"
The availability of extensive optical measurements of member galaxies, strong and weak gravitational lensing measurements, and resolved X-ray images, afford detailed determination of the galaxy, gas, and dark matter spatial profiles. I will describe the results from combined analyses of high quality multi-wavelength data by implementing a new, largely model-independent approach. I will then show that the contribution of clusters to the the X-ray background can be used to set meaningful constraints on alternative non-Gaussian cosmological models.

Nov. 20 , Friday 12:00 pm
Lucas Lombriser, Zurich
LBNL 50-5026
"Testing Modifications of General Relativity with Cosmological Observations"
Cosmic acceleration can either be explained by introducing large amounts of dark energy or considering modifications to gravity. I present a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of the self-accelerating and normal branch of Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) braneworld gravity as well as of metric f(R) gravity. Utilizing a variety of cosmological data sets, both DGP branches require a brane tension or a cosmological constant at high significance with no evidence for the unique DGP modifications. The f(R) gravity models of interest here are designed to reproduce the LCDM expansion history with modifications to gravity described by a supplementary cosmological freedom, the Compton wavelength parameter B0. Cosmological observations, primarily from cluster abundance, yield tight constraints on the viable parameter values of B0.
Nov. 24, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Henk Hoekstra, Leiden
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Weak lensing by large scale structure"
Intervening structures in the universe give rise to small distortions in the shapes of distant galaxies. By measuring this tiny coherent signal, we can study the mass distribution in the universe directly, without relying on baryonic tracers. This makes weak lensing by large- scale structures a powerful probe of cosmology. I will review the topic of cosmic shear and discuss how the signal is extracted from the data. I will present results from recent surveys, most notably the CFHT Legacy Survey and COSMOS. Finally I will discuss what will be required to significantly improve constraints on the properties of dark energy
Nov. 24, Tuesday 4:00 pm (RPM)
Colin Bischoff, Chicago
LBL 50A-5132
"Measuring CMB Polarization with QUIET"
QUIET (the Q/U Imaging ExperimenT) is a dedicated experiment to observe the Cosmic Microwave Background polarization on large angular scales using sensitive HEMT-based polarimeters. This measurement targets the signature on the CMB of gravitational waves generated during inflation, known as B-mode polarization. The first observing season was from October 2008 through May 2009 using a 19-element 40 GHz instrument coupled to a 1.4 meter telescope located at the Chajnantor Observatory in Chile. In June 2009, the detector was replaced with a 90-element 90 GHz instrument which is currently operating. I will describe the status of analysis of the 40 GHz data as well as the current 90 GHZ observations. At both frequencies, we target four patches totaling ~1000 square degrees and chosen to have low foreground contamination. The current phase of QUIET will provide precise measurements of the E-mode polarization power spectrum and improve upper limits on B-modes for angular scales up to ell=1000. Meanwhile, planning is underway for the second phase of QUIET, which will increase the number of detector by an order of magnitude to reach the level of sensitivity necessary to detect B-mode polarization.
Nov 25, Wednesday 12:10 pm (Theory Lunch)
Mark Dijkstra, CfA
544 Campbell Hall
"The Lyman Alpha Emission Line as a Probe into Galaxies: From First Light to Local Starburst Galaxies"
Star forming galaxies intrinsically emit a substantial fraction (possibly as much as ~ 25%) of their bolometric luminosity in the Lyman Alpha (Lya) emission line. After having described some basic concepts in Lya radiative transfer, I will discuss the predicted properties of Lya halos around the first stars and galaxies, and the detectability of Lya emitting sources during the Epoch of Reionization. I will show that galactic outflows, and their impact on Lya transport, can strongly affect these predictions. Existing models that invoke galactic outflows to explain observed Lya line shapes imply that Lya radiation can be trapped' efficiently in some galaxies at z=0-5, and that Lya radiation pressure plays a role in driving their outflows.

Nov. 30, Monday 12:10 pm (Cosmology and TAC seminar)
Fabian Schmidt, Caltech
544 Campbell Hall
"Non-linear Structure Formation in Modified Gravity Theories"
Instead of adding another dark component to the energy budget of the Universe, one can ask whether the observed accelerated expansion might in fact be due to the behavior of gravity itself on the largest scales. In this talk, we will consider two popular modified gravity theories which realize this scenario: f(R) gravity and the DGP model. While these models yield an accelerated expansion, they also affect the formation of structure on much smaller scales. We have studied this with cosmological N-body simulations which consistently solve for the modified gravitational force. We will discuss the effects of modified gravity on dark matter halo properties as well as cosmological observables. Using observables in the non-linear regime to probe modified gravity allows for much tighter constraints. In case of f(R) gravity, our first simulation-calibrated constraints from the observed abundance of massive clusters improve on previous constraints from the CMB and ISW by a factor of ~1000.

October 2009:
Oct. 1, Thursday 4:00 pm (LBL RPM)
Jason Rhodes, JPL
LBL 50A-5132
"The High Altitude Lensing Observatory"
The High Altitude Lensing Observatory (HALO) is a balloon-borne telescope and camera system that will constrain the properties of the dominant components of the Universe. The current concordance model in cosmology holds that the dual phenomena of dark matter and dark energy collectively comprise over 95% of the mass/energy of the Universe, but the properties of this dark sector are poorly constrained. Weak gravitational lensing, whereby the images of background galaxies are slightly distorted by foreground dark matter, is an ideal probe of dark matter and dark energy. HALO will perform a 200-1000 square degree weak lensing survey measuring the shapes of 15-20 galaxies per square arcminute while flying at 35 km. By observing at this altitude, above more than 99% of the atmosphere, HALO will be able to achieve near space-quality data, avoiding the seeing associated with ground-based telescopes. HALO will thus perform a survey that is statistically competitive to ground-based surveys in the same time frame, but with quality and systematics control close to those of a space-based survey. HALO thus represents an important intermediate step in high-precision weak lensing measurements between surveys done with the Hubble Space Telescope and ambitious space surveys planned for late in the next decade. I will present the science justification for HALO, the baseline design, and proposed survey strategy.

Oct. 6, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Caroline Zunckel, Princeton
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"The Lyman-alpha forest as a tool to study early Universe cosmology"
With the upcoming planned experiments such as the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), we stand to gain a wealth of information with which to test the current standard model of cosmology. In addition to mapping the large scale distribution of 1.5 million galaxies, BOSS will probe the underlying matter distribution via the Lyman-alpha forest, observed in the absorption spectra of of 160,000 distant quasars. With each quasar spectrum providing a 1D map of the underlying density field along the line of sight, the Lyman-alpha forest survey will provide a powerful probe of the matter distribution at high redshifts. We evaluate whether such a survey can place constraints on the initial conditions of the Universe. In the standard model of cosmology, structure formed from gravitational instability of primordial fluctuations in the density field introduced by inflation. There are various completing inflationary scenarios, with the level of non-Gaussianity emerging as a key observable with which to discriminate among them. Because the 3-point function is sensitive to non-linearities, a precise measurement of the flux bispectrum could provide the necessary tool to do so. We use second order perturbation theory in order to compute the expected flux bispectrum measured from the Lyman-alpha forest and use a fisher matrix formalism to evaluate the ability of future surveys such as BOSS to constrain primordial non-Gaussianity. We also evaluate the potential of the bispectrum from the cross correlation between the flux distribution and the quasar distribution to detect this signal.

Oct. 8, Thursday 4:00 pm (LBL RPM)
Slava Turyshev, JPL
LBL 50A-5132
"Tests of Relativistic Gravity in Space: History, Recent Progress and Future Directions"
Einstein's general theory of relativity is the standard theory of gravity, especially where the modern needs of astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and fundamental physics are concerned. As such, this theory is used for many practical purposes involving spacecraft navigation, geodesy, time transfer and etc. Series of recent experiments have successfully tested general relativity to a remarkable precision. Various experimental techniques were used to test relativistic gravity in the solar system namely spacecraft Doppler tracking, planetary ranging, lunar laser ranging, dedicated gravity experiments in space and many ground-based efforts. We will discuss the recent progress in the tests of relativistic gravity and motivation for the new generation of high-accuracy gravitational experiments in space. We also discuss the advances in our understanding of fundamental physics that are anticipated in the near future and evaluate the discovery potential of the recently proposed solar system gravitational experiments.

Oct. 8, Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium)
Chris Fassnacht, Davis
2 LeConte Hall
"Galaxy Halos and Subhalos at Moderate Redshifts"
Current simulations of galaxy formation make predictions about how mass will be distributed in galaxy halos. Using the technique of gravitational lensing, it is becoming possible to measure details of mass distributions in galaxies beyond the local Universe and, thus, to compare observations directly to simulations for samples of cosmologically distant objects. I will describe results from two ongoing projects that take advantage of high- resolution space- and ground-based imaging. The first combines strong and weak gravitational lensing to quantify the relative contributions of the dark and luminous matter in galaxies on scales from 10 kpc to nearly 1 Mpc. The second focuses on detecting the CDM subhalos predicted by simulations, via both direct imaging and gravitational lens modeling.
Oct. 9 , Friday 2:00 pm (INPA journal club-time moved due to runaround)
Nico Hamaus, Zurich
LBNL 70A-3377

Large scale structure (LSS) of the universe carries a wealth of information about the physics governing cosmological evolution. Galaxies are the observable components that allow us to investigate the nature of the universe in ever greater detail using redshift surveys. However, dark matter accounts for the dominant contribution to LSS while galaxies are only biased, stochastic tracers of this underlying density field. On large scales, this bias yields a constant enhancement in clustering amplitude and can be removed to reconstruct the dark matter power spectrum. A degree of randomness (stochasticity) in the distribution of galaxies and their dark matter halos implies a limitation on the accuracy of this reconstruction. It is thus desirable to develop estimators that are least affected by this randomness in order to provide constraints on basic cosmological parameters competitive with those from other measurements, such as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and supernovae (SN). This, in turn, can shed more light on the cause of the universe's late time acceleration and help in the distinction between dark energy and modified gravity theories.

I present a technique to optimize the information content encoded in the statistics of biased tracers of the dark matter density field, applied on numerical N-body simulations. An optimal weighting scheme that minimizes the stochasticity between halos and dark matter is presented and applied to halo catalogs to show that the signal-to-noise ratio can be enhanced considerably. The issues of mass-uncertainty and redshift-space distortions are discussed.

Oct. 12, Monday 12:10 pm (TAC seminar)
Dusan Keres, Harvard
544 Campbell Hall
"Cold Mode of Gas Accretion"
Most galaxies are actively star forming at all epochs. However, observations of cold gas reservoirs indicate that, at any epoch, there is not enough gas in dense galactic component to support evolution of star formation activity over time. This suggests that galactic gas is being replenished from the intergalactic medium. I use fully cosmological simulations of galaxy formation to study the gas supply into galactic component from high redshift to present. At high redshift "smooth" infall of cold filamentary gas dominates the gas supply of all galaxies. This "cold mode accretion" is a major driver of very active star formation of high-z galaxies enabling such activity to proceed for a significant fraction of the Hubble time. Gas accretion rates at a given halo and galaxy mass decrease with time, causing the drop in star formation rates. Properties and geometry of infalling gas change with halo mass and redshift. At low redshift some of the halos are able to cool hot virialized gas but filaments are still indirectly supplying galaxies with gas via cold gaseous clouds that form from infaling cold/warm filamentary gas. In this talk I will describe properties, physics and consequences of gas accretion, and feedback processes needed to modulate growth of galaxies over time. Finally, I will point out promising directions for future research in this area and discuss several observational probes of cold halo gas that can provide strong constraints on the physics of gas accretion in galaxies.
Oct. 13, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Donghui Jeong, Texas
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Cosmology with high (z>1) redshift galaxy surveys"
Galaxy redshift surveys are powerful probes of cosmology. Yet, in order to fully exploit the information contained in galaxy surveys, such as the distance scales, the primordial power spectrum, and neutrino masses, we need to improve upon our understanding of the structure formation in the Universe. As galaxies are formed/observed in the late time when the density field is no longer linear, understanding non-linearities, which alter the galaxy power spectrum different from the linear theory prediction, is essential. In this talk, we show that, at high redshifts, we can accurately model the galaxy power spectrum by using the standard cosmological perturbation theory. Once we model the full shape of the galaxy power spectrum in redshift space, we can extract much more cosmological information than simply using small features such as the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations. Going beyond the power spectrum, we can use the three-point function, or the bispectrum, to gain important information on the early universe as well as on the galaxy formation via measurements of primordial non-Gaussianity and galaxy bias. We show that the galaxy bispectrum is more sensitive to primordial non-Gaussianities than previously recognized, making high-redshift galaxy surveys a particularly potent probe of the physics of inflation.
Oct. 14, Wednesday 12:10 pm (Theory Lunch)
Elena D'Onghia, Harvard-CfA
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Resonant Stripping as the origin of dwarf spheroidal galaxies"
The most dark matter dominated galaxies known are the dwarf spheroidals, but their origin is still uncertain. The recent discovery of ultra-faint dwarf spheroidals around the Milky Way further challenges our understanding of how low-luminosity galaxies originate and evolve because of their even more extreme paucity of gas and stars relative to their dark matter content. By employing numerical simulations we propose that interactions between dwarf disc galaxies can excite a gravitational resonance that immediately drives their evolution into spheroidals. This effect, which is purely gravitational in nature, is distinct from other mechanisms which have been proposed up to now to explain the origin of dwarf spheroidals, such as merging, galaxy-galaxy harassment and more general heating processes, or tidal and ram pressure stripping. Using a new analytic formalism that we called "Tidal Near-Resonance Theory," I will show the efficiency and nature of this process and its applicability to a huge number of problems: from the formation of star tails in galaxies, to the formation of dwarf spheroidal galaxies, to planetary systems.
Oct. 16, Friday 12:10 pm (Astro Journal Club)
Assaf Horesh, Tel Aviv
544 Campbell Hall
"New Results for Giant Arc Statistics in ~100 Clusters Observed with HST"
Gravitational lensing is frequently used to map the evolution of cluster mass profiles, ellipticities, and substructure. One approach is to perform detailed modeling of individual clusters using strong and weak lensing, but this is generally suited only to deep data for individual clusters that exhibit numerous lensed images, and the results may not be representative of the majority of clusters. A complementary approach is to measure the statistics of lensed arcs in large samples of clusters. Over the past decade, a debate has gone on about the nature of cluster samples selected by different methods, and about whether or not real clusters are highly more efficient producers of arcs than expected from theory. I will present an analysis of the arc statistics in a sample of ~100 galaxy clusters observed with the HST/ACS. X-ray selected clusters are much more efficient lenses than optically-selected clusters of similar optical luminosity, showing that optical selection yields lower-mass, perhaps marginally bound, structures. I will also present our past and in-progress comparison of observed arc statistics with simulations that aim to include all the theoretical and observational aspects of the problem.
Oct. 20, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Mariska Kriek, Princeton
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"A Deep View on the Early Universe: Extreme Makeovers & Overweight Galaxies"
Recent studies have demonstrated that the galaxy population at z=2-3 shares characteristics with today's galaxies: massive galaxies are predominantly red, a color-density relation was already in place, and massive, quiescent galaxies form a red sequence in color-mass space. However, the high-redshift universe far from resembles the local universe. Massive galaxies at z~2.5 do not seem to represent a Hubble sequence as their structures and morphologies are different from their local analogs. Furthermore, the space density of massive galaxies still has to grow significantly, implying that many local early-type galaxies assemble or form at later times. In my talk I will discuss these similarities and differences, and their implications for our understanding of the physical processes that govern galaxy formation and evolution.
Oct. 21, Wednesday 2:00 pm (special seminar)
Tobias Marriage, Princeton
325 LeConte (Lecture room, not small room)
"The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: An Overview and Progress Report"
Over the coming decade, measurements of arc-minute scale temperature and polarization fluctuations will not only be an important tool for studying physical conditions in the early universe, but also a powerful probe of the growth of structure and of the physics of the intergalactic medium. The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is conducting an arc-minute survey of >1000 square-degrees of sky at 148, 218, and 277 GHz. In the first part of this talk I give an overview of the ACT science goals, facility, and survey. In the second part of the talk I will detail our progress towards reducing the 148 GHz data from time-ordered-data to a power spectrum and SZ cluster catalog.
Oct. 22, Thursday 4:00 pm (LBL RPM)
Rob Crain, Swinburne
LBL 50A-5132
"GIMIC: the Galaxies-Intergalactic Medium Interaction Calculation"
I shall discuss a new series of hydrodynamical simulations that follow the formation of galaxies, from high-redshift until the present epoch, in the LambdaCDM cosmogony. A novel feature is that they simulate spherical volumes, ~20 Mpc/h in radius and with differing overdensities, extracted from the Millennium Simulation. They hence trace the evolution of all structures expected within the volumes probed by low-redshift galaxy surveys, whilst retaining sufficient detail to probe dwarf galaxies and resolve the formation of proto-galaxies at high-redshift. The simulations include treatments of gas cooling, photoheating from an ionising background, star formation, supernova feedback and chemodynamics. I shall present the initial results, focussing on environmental variation in the volume-averaged star formation rate and the formation of compact massive galaxies. I shall also discuss how hydrodynamical simulations are a useful tool for identifying weaknesses in analytic descriptions of galaxy formation, in particular demonstrating how GIMIC provides a simple resolution to the `X-ray halo problem', which has been cited as a challenge to the standard picture of galaxy formation.
Oct. 23 , Friday 12:00 noon (INPA journal club)
Mark Krumholz, Santa Cruz
LBNL 50-5026 (INPA Common Room)
"The Formation of Massive Stars"
Massive stars, those larger than 20 times the mass of the Sun, are very rare, but their extreme luminosities make them both the only type of young star we can observe in distant galaxies and the dominant energy sources in the universe today. How such stars form, however, is a longstanding mystery. Efficient radiative cooling in the dense clouds where massive stars form should favor fragmentation into objects of solar mass or smaller. Even if a collapsing cloud exceeds this mass, massive stars produce so much light that the radiation pressure they exert on the gas and dust around them is stronger than their gravitational attraction, a condition that has long been expected to prevent them from growing by accretion. Unraveling these mysteries requires new techniques for simulating gravito-radiation-hydrodynamics in three-dimensions over large dynamic ranges. I introduce these methods, and I present results from recent simulations that point toward solutions to these problems.
Oct. 23, Friday 3:00 pm (SSL Colloquium)
Judd Bowman, Caltech
"The Dawn of 21 cm Cosmology"
The Experiment to Detect the Global EoR Signature (EDGES) is a single dipole antenna operating at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory. EDGES has recently yielded the strongest direct constraints to date on 21 cm emission from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) and should soon rule out rapid reionization scenarios. I will report on the latest EDGES measurements and forecast the unique contribution of EDGES to 21 cm cosmology in the MWA and SKA eras.
Oct. 26, Monday 12:10 pm (TAC seminar)
Volker Bromm, Austin
544 Campbell Hall
"The First Stars and Galaxies"
How and when did the cosmic dark ages end? I present simulations of the formation of the first stars and galaxies, discuss their feedback on the intergalactic medium, and describe ways to probe their signature with missions such as WMAP and the James Webb Space Telescope. The properties of the first stars are determined by the interplay between cold dark matter and the atomic and molecular physics of hydrogen. I will identify the key processes and outline the major remaining uncertainties.
Oct. 26, Monday 3:40 pm (Cadie pre-empted)
Neal Dalal, CITA
402 Le Conte (Seminar room)
"Dark Matter Halos"
In this blackboard talk I'll try to give a simple way to understand the origin of various properties of dark matter halos. First I'll discuss halo density profiles, and then time permitting, move on to halo abundance and clustering.
Oct. 27, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Daniel Grin, Caltech
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Cosmological recombination: the effect of high-n states"
Thanks to the ongoing Planck mission, a new window will be opened on the properties of the primordial density field, the cosmological parameters, and the physics of reionization. Much of Planck's new leverage on these quantities will come from temperature measurements at small angular scales and from polarization measurements. These both depend on the details of cosmological hydrogen recombination; use of the CMB as a probe of energies greater than 1016 GeV compels us to get the ~eV scale atomic physics right.
One question that remains is how high in hydrogen principle quantum number we have to go to make sufficiently accurate predictions for Planck. Using sparse matrix methods to beat computational difficulties, I have modeled the influence of very high (up to and including n=200) excitation states of atomic hydrogen on the recombination history of the primordial plasma, resolving all angular momentum sub-states separately and including, for the first time, the effect of hydrogen quadrupole transitions. I will review the basic physics, explain the resulting plasma properties, discuss recombination histories, and close by discussing the effects on CMB observables.
Oct. 29 , Thursday 4:00 pm (Astronomy Colloquium)
Paul Ho, CfA/ASIAA
2 LeConte Hall
"Preparing for ALMA First Science"
The Submillimeter Array has been in operations on Mauna Kea since 2004. Many interesting and important results have been obtained in that time, including planetary studies, dusty circumstellar disks, extremely collimated molecular outflows, circumnuclear disks in nearby galaxies, magnetic fields via dust polarization studies, and dark submillimeter galaxies at high red shifts. These studies are paving the way for the first science projects to be attempted on ALMA, currently under construction in the Atacama Desert. I will show some of our latest results.
Oct. 30 , Friday POSTPONED 12:00 noon (INPA journal club)
Lincoln Greenhill, CfA
LBNL 50-5026
"Outback Radio Cosmology: the Epoch of Reionization and the Murchison Wide-field Array"
Data that constrain theoretical pictures of how the universe was reinonized during the roughly first billion years after the Big Bang are sparse. This is the era when the building blocks of our cosmos formed, i.e., the first stars and galaxies. As a result, there is a troubling gap in the cosmological record. The Murchison Wide-field Array (MWA) is an 8000-element radio interferometer being built in Western Australia, intended to make first detections of the evolving angular power spectrum of neutral Hydrogen in the intergalactic medium during reionization. The project is shaking down a 5% demonstrator and testbed prior to build out. I will discuss basic design principles, including the novel use of High Performance Computing based on GPUs, report on the status of the project, and describe a proposed progression of pathfinders leading to a low-frequency square kilometer array somewhat after 2020.

September 2009:
Sep. 1, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Frank van den Bosch, Utah
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Explorations with Galaxy Group Catalogues''
The advent of large galaxy redshift surveys, such as the SDSS, allows the construction of reliable galaxy group catalogues. These are ideally suited to investigate the connection between galaxies and their environments. As an example of the various avenues of scientific exploration enabled with such group catalogues, I present various results obtained from a new galaxy group finder applied to the SDSS. In particular, I will present (i) new constraints on the efficiency and importance of star formation quenching and tidal disruption of satellite galaxies, (ii) direct evidence for halo assembly bias, and (iii) measurements of galaxy alignments on the scale of dark matter halos. In each case, I discuss the implications for our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.

Sep. 8, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Mark Hertzberg, MIT
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Approaches to Understanding Inflation: Theory, Experiment, and Observation"
Although the observational evidence for cosmological inflation is growing, the physical mechanism behind it is still unknown. In part this is because inflation probably occurred at energy scales many orders of magnitude higher than that at man-made or astrophysical particle accelerators. So how can we learn about inflation? How does it constrain microphysical theory? One approach to answering these questions is primarily theoretical: embedding inflation in fundamental theories of quantum gravity, such as string theory. Another approach is primarily experimental: finding correlations between cosmological parameters and experimental observables, such as the Higgs boson at colliders. And another approach is primarily observational: looking for signatures left by light fields that existed during inflation, such as isocurvature fluctuations from the QCD-axion. In this talk I discuss work on all three of these approaches.
Sep. 9, Wednesday 12:10 pm
Matt McQuinn, UCB
501 Campbell Hall
"Intergalactic ^3He+ hyperfine absorption as a probe of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and HeII reionization"
I will discuss the physics of the 8.7GHz hyperfine transition of ^3He+. I will show that z>3 intergalactic 8.7 GHz absorption against radio-loud quasars can be used by present and planned interferometers to probe Big Bang nucleosynthesis and HeII reionization. The physics of how this transition is pumped is very rich and similar to that of the 21cm transition of hydrogen. I will contrast this observable with high-redshift intergalactic 21cm emission. (reference: arxiv.org:0905.1715)
Sep. 14, Monday 12:10 pm (TAC seminar)
Mike Kuhlen, UCB
544 Campbell Hall
"The Quest for the Nature of Dark Matter"
Despite having observational evidence of its existence for more than seventy years now, we still don't know the nature of Dark Matter. Recent progress in astronomical observations, laboratory experiments, theory, and numerical simulations has led to an explosion in research on this topic. Here I review some of the recent developments, with an emphasis on how ultra-high resolution cosmological numerical simulations can contribute to the quest to unravel the mystery of Dark Matter.
Sep. 15, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Jaiyul Yoo, Harvard-Cfa
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
" A New Perspective on Galaxy Clustering as a Cosmological Probe: General Relativistic Effects"
We present a general relativistic description of galaxy clustering in a FLRW universe. The observed redshift and position of galaxies are affected by the matter fluctuations and the gravity waves between the source galaxies and the observer, and the volume element constructed by using the observables differs from the physical volume occupied by the observed galaxies. Therefore, the observed galaxy fluctuation field contains additional contributions arising from the distortion in observable quantities and these include tensor contributions as well as numerous scalar contributions. We generalize the linear bias approximation to relate the observed galaxy fluctuation field to the underlying matter distribution in a gauge-invariant way. Our full formalism is essential for the consistency of theoretical predictions. As our first application, we compute the angular auto correlation of large-scale structure and its cross correlation with CMB temperature anisotropies. We comment on the possibility of detecting primordial gravity waves using galaxy clustering and discuss further applications of our formalism.
Sep. 17, Thursday 2:00 pm (Special seminar)
Chris North, Cardiff
325 LeConte Hall
CLOVER and Planck
His talk will cover a range of topics that should be of interest to those working on B-mode CMB research at Berkeley. In particular, Chris worked on the polarized foreground modeling, the field selection and the scan strategy design for CLOVER.
Sep. 22, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Dan Coe, Caltech/JPL
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Cosmological Constraints from Gravitational Lens Time Delays"
Future large ensembles of time delay lenses have the potential to provide interesting cosmological constraints complementary to those of other methods. Current constraints from 10-16 time delay lenses already yield the Hubble constant (h) in agreement with and to roughly the same level of precision (10%) as the HST Key Project which analyzed 40 Cepheids. Future surveys (Pan-STARRS, LSST, JDEM / IDECS, SKA, OMEGA) will yield hundreds or even thousands of lenses with well-measured time delays. We find in a flat universe with constant w including a Planck prior, LSST time delay measurements for ~4,000 lenses should constrain h to 0.007 (~1%), Omega_de to ~0.005, and w to ~0.026 (all 1-sigma precisions). Similar constraints could be obtained by a dedicated gravitational lens observatory (OMEGA) which would obtain precise time delay and mass model measurements for ~100 lenses with spectroscopic redshifts. Constraints for a general cosmology are presented as well. We compare these to the "optimistic Stage IV" constraints expected from weak lensing, supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, and cluster counts, as calculated by the Dark Energy Task Force. As with any method, there are systematics we must learn to control, and we discuss these issues.
Sep. 23, Wednesday 12:10 pm (Theory Lunch)
Doug Finkbeiner, Harvard
541 Campbell Hall
"Fermi gamma rays, the WMAP haze, and dark matter"
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has opened a new window on the ~ 10-100 GeV sky. Observations at these energies have confirmed the synchrotron explanation for previous observations of a microwave excess in the inner Galaxy (the "WMAP haze"). The same high energy electrons that produce microwave synchrotron there must also inverse Compton scatter starlight photons up to tens of GeV. I will show (for the first time!) our analysis of the latest Fermi data and describe the electron population required to explain it. Possible sources, such as pulsars and WIMP annihilation, will be discussed. I will also show how the CMB power spectrum constrains WIMP models that could explain this emission.
Sep. 28, Monday 3:10 pm (RAL/SF/ISM)
Josh Younger, IAS
544 Campbell
"The AGN-Starburst Connection in High-Redshift ULIRGs"
Over the past twenty years, compelling observational evidence has emerged for a close and fundamental link between the growth of supermassive black holes and stellar populations. Recent models of galaxy formation predict that periods of intense star formation should be associated with rapid black hole growth. We examine the nature of the AGN-starburst connection in high-redshift ULIRGs, with a focus on submillimeter-selected galaxies, using a combination of theory and observations. Observationally, we use high-resolution submillimeter interferometric imaging to constrain the physical scale of the starburst, and radio VLBI to search for active black holes. Theoretically, we use hydrodynamic simulations of major mergers, coupled with radiative transfer calculations to predict the relative contributions of AGN and star formation. Overall, we find that high-redshift ULIRGs are likely dominated by merger-driven starbursts, rather than an infrared-luminous AGN.
Sep. 28, Monday 4:30 pm
Joe Silk, Oxford
1 LeConte
"Dark Matters"
One of the greatest mysteries in the cosmos is that it is mostly dark. Astronomers and particle physicists today are seeking to unravel the nature of this mysterious, but pervasive dark matter which has profoundly influenced the formation of structure in the universe. I will describe the complex interplay between galaxy formation and dark matter detectability and review recent attempts to measure particle dark matter by direct and indirect means.
Sep. 29, Tuesday 1:10 pm
Ali Vanderveld, Caltech
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Testing General Relativity on Cosmological Scales with Weak Gravitational Lensing"
Weak gravitational lensing is a powerful probe of modifications of General Relativity on cosmological scales, since such modifications can affect both how matter produces gravitational potential wells and how photons move within these wells. I will discuss alternative theories of gravitation and how we may constrain such theories using weak lensing observables. I will also discuss the "parametrized-post-Friedmannian" approach for obtaining model-independent constraints, in which new parameters are introduced to characterize the departure from General Relativity on large scales.

August 2009:
Aug. 7 , Friday 12:00 noon (INPA journal club)
Weidong Li, UCB
LBNL 50B-4205
"The Luminosity Function, Rate, and Distance of Supernova"
The Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS), conducted with a 30-in robotic telescope, is one of the most successful nearby SN search engines in the past decade. Over 15,000 galaxies have been monitored in the course of the search, yielding more than 1,000 SN discoveries. Our database of images and log files allow us to construct a complete SN sample to derive the observed luminosity functions (LFs) for the different SN types. These LFs, together with other improvements in the analysis, allow us to derive the most accurate rates for the nearby SNe to date. We find a surprising correlation between the SN rates and the host galaxy sizes. I will also discuss the two-component model for the SN Ia rates. In the second part of my talk, I will discuss a method to improve the accuracy of the distance measurements toward SNe Ia, by dividing the SN Ia sample into two subclasses according to the expansion velocity measurements from their spectra. We find that the so called "high-expansion velocity" events seem to have either a different reddening law, or a different color/luminosity correlation, from the "normal-expansion velocity" events. Implications of this method will be discussed.
Aug. 7 , Friday 12:10 noon (Astronomy journal club)
Nitya Kallivayalil, MIT
Campbell 544
"Six-dimensional mapping of the Milky Way: techniques to disassemble the Galaxy"
Tidal Streams provide a powerful probe of the potential of the Milky Way halo over large Galactocentric distances and their detailed phase-space structure gives us clues as to the nature of dark matter. Powerful theoretical techniques are now available to re-construct the underlying potential from the six-dimensional phase-space parameters that describe stellar tracers. Notably absent from the presently available data-sets are full 3-D velocities. I will describe an ongoing project to remedy this situation that focuses on tracers that will provide the most powerful discriminant of halo shape and distribution, and what we ultimately hope to learn.
Aug. 25 , Tuesday 11:10 am
Romain Teyssier, (Zurich)
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Recent advances in galaxy formation theory"
I will present some recent computer simulations of galaxy formation performed within a cosmological context and I will show some interesting new aspects in galaxy formation theory. I will focus on new physical mechanism that are emerging as important players in the galaxy formation process, such as cold streams, star forming clumps and magnetic fields.
Aug. 25 , Tuesday 1:10 pm
Eric Gawiser, Rutgers
544 Campbell Hall (also videoconferenced to LBL 50A-5131)
"Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies at 2 < z < 3: Progenitors of Present-day L* Galaxies"
We studied the spatial clustering of 155 Lyman Alpha Emitting (LAE) galaxies at z=3.1 and 333 LAEs at z=2.1 in the MUSYC-ECDFS field. We used cosmological structure formation theory to infer the dark matter halo masses of these populations and to identify their present-day descendants. The LAEs exhibit a moderate clustering bias of b~=1.7, which implies median dark matter halo masses of 10^11 M_sun. The evolution of galaxy bias with redshift predicts that 2< z < 3 LAEs evolve into typical present-day galaxies with L~=L*. Other z>3 galaxy populations, including Lyman Break Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei, typically evolve into more strongly clustered present-day galaxies such as massive ellipticals and cluster members. Analysis of the spectral energy distribution of z=3.1 LAEs finds that the typical LAE has low stellar mass (10^9 M_sun), moderate star formation rate (2 M_sun/yr), a starburst component age of 20 Myr, and little dust (A_V<0.2).
Aug. 27 , Thursday 4:10 pm (Astronomy Colloquium)
Mike Boylan-Kolchin, MPA
2 LeConte
"Simulating the formation of structure in the Universe"
Numerical simulations of structure formation have become essential tools for studying cosmology and galaxy formation. I will describe some of the newest, highest resolution cosmological simulations and discuss how they are influencing our understanding of the formation and evolution of dark matter halos. I will also focus on the Milky Way as a testing ground for models of cosmology and galaxy formation. The wealth of available and forthcoming observational data will provide strong constraints on both luminous and dark matter in the Galaxy. I will discuss how combining this data with the latest generation of numerical simulations is advancing our knowledge of how galaxies form.
Aug. 28 , Friday 12:00 noon (INPA Journal Club)
Francesco de Bernardis, INFN
LBNL 50B-4205
"Determining the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy with Cosmology"
Cosmological data are known to be a powerful tool to constrain neutrino mass scale. Sensitivity of Cosmology to neutrino mass arise essentially from the peculiar imprint left by total neutrino mass on growth of structure in the Universe. In recent years atmospheric and solar neutrinos experiments have suggested the existence of differences between neutrino masses through observations of flavour oscillations. The effect on Cosmology of a splitting in neutrino masses is generally smaller than that due to the total mass and can be neglected in analysing current cosmological data. Nevertheless in the near future various experiments will reach a much higher accuracy in reconstructing matter power spectrum and could in principle become sensitive also to single neutrino masses. Here we show that future cosmic shear experiments, in combination with CMB constraints, can provide the statistical accuracy required to answer questions about differences in the mass of individual neutrino species. Allowing for the possibility that masses are non-degenerate we combine Fisher matrix forecasts for a weak lensing survey like Euclid with those for the forthcoming Planck experiment. Under the assumption that neutrino mass splitting is described by a normal hierarchy we find that the combination Planck and Euclid will possibly reach enough sensitivity to put a constraint on the mass of a single species. Using a Bayesian evidence calculation we find that such future experiments could provide strong evidence for either a normal or an inverted neutrino hierachy.

July 2009:
Jul. 29, Wednesday 12:10 pm
Shy Genel, Munich
501 Campbell Hall
"The growth of dark matter halos and implications for galaxy formation"
In the LCDM model galaxies form bottom-up. They grow by mergers with other galaxies as well as by accretion of gas from the IGM. I will describe how analysis of the cosmological dark matter-only Millennium and Millennium-II Simulations can help understanding the various growth modes. To this end, I will describe algorithms for constructing halo merger trees and the resulting halo merger rate in the simulations, as well as the significant role of non-merger, "smooth", accretion onto halos. Finally, I will show that under an assumption for the timescale of mergers, a population of rapidly accreting halos that are not undergoing major mergers is expected to exist at z~2, which may account for observed of star-forming galaxies at that redshift.

## Cosmology Seminars in Previous Years

 Privacy & Security Notice, etc. Updated January 2008